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Decarbonization Avenue : Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy harnesses the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface for heating and power generation. While globally, geothermal power generation capacity reached about 16 GW by the end of 2023, the utilization of geothermal energy varies significantly by region. Leading countries in geothermal power generation include the USA, Indonesia, the Philippines, Turkey, and New Zealand. Although geothermal heating is more widely used, geothermal power generation in India has not yet been fully explored and developed. However, with its potential for providing a steady and reliable source of clean energy, geothermal energy presents an exciting avenue for India's decarbonization efforts.

 

Current Scenario 

India's geothermal potential is significant, with promising sites identified in regions such as the Himalayan geothermal belt, the volcanic arc of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Cambay graben in Gujarat. India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimates a geothermal potential of around 10 GW.

India has identified about 340 geothermal hot springs across the country, with an estimated 10,600 MW of geothermal potential, predominantly in regions like Gujarat, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and the Himalayan region.

 

Applications and Advantages

Geothermal Power Generation

  • Geothermal power generation can provide a stable and continuous power supply, contributing to energy security and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
  • Example: The Puga Valley in Ladakh is one of the most promising sites for geothermal power in India. Studies estimate the potential to generate around 200 MW of electricity, which could significantly impact the local energy landscape.

Geothermal Heating and Cooling

  • Geothermal heat pumps can be utilized for both heating and cooling purposes. The stable temperatures below the earth's surface provide an efficient way to regulate building temperatures throughout the year.
  • Case Study: The geothermal cooling system implemented at the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad uses the constant temperature of the earth to provide energy-efficient cooling for the airport, reducing energy consumption by 30%.

Tattapani, Chhattisgarh 

  • Tattapani is a significant geothermal site where a pilot plant of 2 MW capacity has been established. This project aims to provide insights into the feasibility of larger-scale developments.

 

Challenges

  • High Initial Costs: The initial investment for geothermal power plants is high due to drilling and exploration costs.
  • Environmental Concerns: Issues such as gaseous emissions and potential contamination of groundwater need to be carefully managed.
  • Lack of Awareness and Expertise: There is limited awareness and technical expertise in geothermal energy in India.

Decarbonization potential

India, with its diverse geography and significant energy needs, has the potential to harness geothermal energy as a part of its decarbonization strategy. Although currently underutilized, geothermal energy can contribute to India's sustainable energy mix, particularly in regions with favorable geothermal resources. 

 

Key Datapoints

  • Focusing on exploration, technological advancements, and supportive policies, India can harness up to 5 GW of geothermal power by 2030, generating approximately 30 TWh of clean electricity annually. Together, these efforts could save up to 20 million tons of CO2 emissions per year.
  • National Policy on Geothermal Energy: The policy aims to develop 1 GW of geothermal capacity by 2030, providing a clear roadmap for exploration and development.
  • Conventional geothermal technologies can exploit the estimated potential of around 10 GW in India. However, with advancements in next-generation technologies, this potential could rise significantly.
  • The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified about 340 hot springs across the country, which indicate significant geothermal potential.

Industries impacted

  • Construction & real estate
  • Environmental services
  • Mining & metals
  • Oil & gas
  • Power

Themes & Topics

  • Geothermal for power

    • Geothermal power generation efficiency

    • Enhanced geothermal

    • Reducing ecological impacts of geothermal power plants

    • Enhancing safety of geothermal power plants

  • Geothermal for heat

    • Geothermal heat pumps

    • Geothermal heat exchange  medium

    • Ductwork & piping

    • Use of geothermal energy for desalination

    • Geothermal energy storage

  • Geothermal energy for cooling

  • Deep geothermal technology

  • Submarine geothermal energy

  • Geothermal energy from depleted oil wells

 

 

 

 

 

  • Overcoming ecological impacts of geothermal power plants

  • Overcoming ecological and safety challenges for enhanced geothermal projects

  • Training/capacity building

  • Collaboration

  • Policies

  • Use of IT & digital solutions

  • Regional case studies

    • North America

    • South America

    • Europe

    • Middle East & Africa

    • Australia

    • Asia

  • Economics

  • Bringing 

  • Challenges

 

 

 

 

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All Decarbonization Avenues @ EAI


Renewable Energy :

  • Utility Scale Solar PV |
  • Distributed Solar PV |
  • Solar Thermal |
  • Wind Power |
  • Biomass for Heating & Power |
  • Biofuels |
  • Hydro Power |
  • Geothermal Energy |

  • Energy Efficiency :

  • Industrial Waste Heat Recovery |
  • Low Carbon Thermal Power |
  • Energy Efficient Industrial Equipment |
  • Smart Grids |
  • Heat Pumps |
  • Digital for Decarbonization |
  • Energy Efficient Buildings |

  • Energy Storage :

  • Green hydrogen |
  • Thermal & Mechanical Storage |
  • Battery Storage |

  • Agriculture & Food :

  • Sustainable Forestry |
  • Regenerative Agriculture |
  • Smart Farming |
  • Low Carbon Food |
  • Agro Waste Management |

  • Waste Management :

  • Reducing Food Waste |
  • Solid Waste Management |

  • Materials :

  • Bio-based Materials |
  • Advanced Materials |
  • Product Use Efficiency |
  • Industrial Resource Efficiency |

  • Water :

  • Water Use Efficiency |

  • Decarbonizing Industries :

  • Low Carbon Metals |
  • Low Carbon Chemicals & Fertilizers |
  • Low Carbon Construction Materials |
  • Low Carbon Textiles & Fashion |
  • Corporate Carbon Management |
  • Decarbonizing Oil & Gas Sector |

  • Low Carbon Mobility :

  • Electric Mobility |
  • Low Carbon Trucking |
  • Low Carbon Marine Transport |
  • Low Carbon Aviation |
  • Low Carbon ICE Vehicles |
  • Mass Transit |

  • GHG Management :

  • C2V - CO2 to Value |
  • CO2 Capture & Storage |
  • Reducing Emissions from Livestock |
  • Reducing Non-CO2 Industrial & Agricultural Emissions |
  • Managing Large Carbon Sinks |

  • Communities :

  • Low Carbon Lifestyles |
  • Low Carbon Cities |

  • Finance :

  • Climate Finance |

  • Platforms :

  • Multi-stakeholder Collaboration |
  • Low Carbon Accelerators |

  • Moonshots :

  • Moonshots |